Choice functions and hard choices

multiple-choice listening tests: spoken choices or written choices?

listening skill and speaking skill, according language didactics, have close interaction in lingual communications. therefore, measuring listening comprehension without considering other language skills seems to be difficult. the present study is an effort to compare the effectiveness of oral and written multiple-choice listening tests for persian language learners. in fact, this study answers ...

Hard Choices in Scienti c Inquiry

Are Hard Choices Cases of Incomparability

This paper presents an argument against the widespread view that ‘hard choices’ are hard because of the incomparability of the alternatives. The argument has two parts. First, I argue that any plausible theory of practical reason must be ‘comparativist’ in form, that is, it must hold that a comparative relation between the alternatives with respect to what matters in the choice determines a jus...

iran and the middle east: hard choices and the relevance of realism

the objective of this paper is to shed light on the islamic republic of iran's foreign policy toward the middle east in the period 1979-2007. iran's relations with pakistan and turkey within the framework of eco can be defined as friendly and neighborly since the revolution. iran- iraq ties until 2003 can only be termed as antagonistic and conflict-prone. in 1980-1988, the two neighbo...

Reducing Choice Overload without Reducing Choices

Previous studies have demonstrated that a multitude of options can lead to choice overload, reducing decision quality. Through controlled experiments, we examine sequential choice architectures that enable the choice set to remain large while potentially reducing the effect of choice overload. A specific tournament-style architecture achieves this goal. An alternate architecture in which subjec...